Parts of speech

 
Pronouns a pronoun stands in place of a noun, they prevent repeated nouns. Ex. John - he.

Pronouns
	Singular	Plural
Personal Pronouns
First person	I, me	we, us
Second Person	you	you
Third Person	he, she, it, him, her	they, them
Possessive Pronouns
first person	my, mine	our, ours
second person	your, yours	you, yours
Third person	his, her, hers, its	their, thiers
Intensive and Reflexive Pronouns
first person	myself	ourselves
second person	yourself	yourselves
third person	himself, herself, itself	themselves

Relative Pronouns

that, what, whatever, which, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose

Interrogative Pronouns

what, which, who, whom, whose

Indefinite Pronouns

all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, several, some, somebody, someone, something.

Demonstrative pronouns

such, that, these, this, those

Reciprocal pronouns

each other, one another

• Personal pronouns- stands for nouns that name persons or things
  

• Possessive pronouns- are a form of personal pronoun showing ownership.
  

• Intensive pronouns- emphasize a noun or another pronoun.
  

• Relative pronouns- start a subordinate clause that functions as an adjective modifying noun or pronoun in another clause.
  

• Reflexive pronouns- have the same form as intensive pronouns but are used as objects referring back to subjects.
  

• Interrogative pronouns- ask or introduce a question.
  

• Indefinite pronouns- stand for persons or things not specified.
  

• Demonstrative pronouns- point to nouns.
  

• Reciprocal pronouns- express relationship between two or more nouns or other pronouns.
  

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  Prepostions

  A short, transitional word that leads to a phrase. Its object is usually a noun or pronoun. A prep. Phrase can be a modifier. When it modifies a noun, it is called an adjective phrase:
  I want a room with a view.   ('with a view' modifies 'room')
  

  When it modifies a verb, adjective or adverb, it is called an adverb phrase:
  

  Jarvis always leaves after the first act  ('after the first act' modifies 'leaves')
  

  A few Common Prepositions (pg. H-13 in the Bedford Guide):

  about, above, across, after, as, at, by, besides, in spite of, to, toward, within, from, along, like, near, etc.........
  

  
   

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  Parts of Sentences

  Predicate- makes an assertion of the subject. It can be action, relationship, being.
  Geese normally can fly more gracefully than chickens.

  Gerund Phrase- a noun phrase followed by a present participle of a verb. It can be the subject, direct object, subject complement, or the object of the preposition.
  

  Giving Blood is a valuable public service. (subject) Phil's job is making doughnuts. (subject complement)

  Participle Phrase- an adjective phrase that opens with the present or past participle of a verb. All start with participles and function as adjectives.
  

  Leading the Pack, Michael sprinted into the final straightway. ('Leading the pack' modifies 'Michael')

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  Types of sentences

  Simple sentences- Only has one main clause, even with modifiers, objects, complements, and phrases.
  Compound Sentences- has two or more main clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, for, or a semicolon)

  Main Clause	Main Clause
  I would like to accompany you,	but I can't

  Complex Sentences- consists of one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses:

  Main Clause	Subordinate Clause
  I will be at the airport	when you arrive.

  Compound-Complex Sentences- has two or more main clauses and at least one subordinate clause.

  Main Clause	Subordinate Clause	Subordinate Clause	Main Clause
  I'd gladly wait	until you're ready;	but if I do,	I'll miss the boat.

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  Verbs

  Action verbs- show action.

  Linking verbs- indicates what the subject is or is like. it forms an equation between a subject and its complement.

  Julia will make a good doctor. (make- LV; doctor- SC)

  Some linking verbs: be, become, remain, grow, make, prove, turn, appear, seem, look, feel, smell, sound, taste.

  Helping verbs- add essential information about a main verb's action or state of being. Adding a helping verb to a simple verb allows you to use a wide variety of tenses and moods. (am going, did shoot, would have been)
  

  Be, do, have - can be helping verbs, but not always.
  can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would - are only helping verbs, never main verbs.

  You should not have shot that pigeon.

  Interjections

  An outburst of feeling:
  I'd go but, oh, I can't.

  Clauses

  Noun Clause - A subordinate clause that serves as the sentence subject, object or comlement. A noun clause usually begins with a coordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun.

  What I believe is none of your business.
  James doesn't know whom he should blame.
   

  Adjective Clause - a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. Usually begins with: who, which or that.

  I like people who are optimistic.
  Science is a tide that can only rise.
   

  Adverb Clause - modifies a verb, adverb or adjective in the sentence.

  Larry left before I could explain my mistake.
  He was sure that I had insulted him.

  Adverb clauses usually begin with these words:
  after, before, than, until, wherever, although, if, that, when, while, as, since, though, whenever, why, because, so that, unless, where.