Pronouns
a pronoun stands in place of a noun, they prevent repeated nouns. Ex. John - he.
  | ||
Personal Pronouns | ||
First person | I, me | we, us |
Second Person | you | you |
Third Person | he, she, it, him, her | they, them |
Possessive Pronouns | ||
first person | my, mine | our, ours |
second person | your, yours | you, yours |
Third person | his, her, hers, its | their, thiers |
Intensive and Reflexive Pronouns | ||
first person | myself | ourselves |
second person | yourself | yourselves |
third person | himself, herself, itself | themselves |
Relative Pronouns |
that, what, whatever, which, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose |
  |
Interrogative Pronouns |
what, which, who, whom, whose |
  |
Indefinite Pronouns |
all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, several, some, somebody, someone, something. |
  |
Demonstrative pronouns |
such, that, these, this, those |
  |
Reciprocal pronouns |
each other, one another |
When it modifies a verb, adjective or adverb, it is called an adverb phrase:
 
Predicate- makes an assertion of the subject. It can be action, relationship, being.
Geese normally can fly more gracefully than chickens.
Gerund Phrase- a noun phrase followed by a present participle of a verb. It can be the subject, direct object, subject complement, or the object of the preposition.
Participle Phrase- an adjective phrase that opens with the present or past participle of a verb. All start with participles and function as adjectives.
Main Clause | |
but I can't |
Complex Sentences- consists of one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses:
Subordinate Clause | |
I will be at the airport | when you arrive. |
Compound-Complex Sentences- has two or more main clauses and at least one subordinate clause.
Main Clause | Subordinate Clause | Subordinate Clause | Main Clause |
I'd gladly wait | until you're ready; | but if I do, | I'll miss the boat. |
Linking verbs- indicates what the subject is or is like. it forms an equation between a subject and its complement.
Some linking verbs: be, become, remain, grow, make, prove, turn, appear, seem, look, feel, smell, sound, taste.
Helping verbs- add essential information about a main verb's action or state of being. Adding a helping verb to a simple verb allows you to use a wide variety of tenses and moods. (am going, did shoot, would have been)
You should not have shot that pigeon.
What I believe is none of your business.
James doesn't know whom he should blame.
 
Adjective Clause - a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. Usually begins with: who, which or that.
I like people who are optimistic.
Science is a tide that can only rise.
 
Adverb Clause - modifies a verb, adverb or adjective in the sentence.
Larry left before I could explain my mistake.
He was sure that I had insulted him.
Adverb clauses usually begin with these words:
after, before, than, until, wherever, although, if, that, when, while, as, since, though, whenever, why, because, so that, unless, where.